FNDC5/Irisin polymorphisms are associated with osteopenia in postmenopausal Mayan-Mestizo women.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the association between rs3480 and rs16835198 of FNDC5/Irisin and their haplotypes with variations in bone mineral density (BMD) and osteopenia/osteoporosis in postmenopausal Mayan-Mestizo women. METHODS: We studied 547 postmenopausal women of Maya-Mestizo origin. BMD was measured in the lumbar spine and total hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. DNA was obtained from blood leukocytes. rs3480 and rs16835198 of FNDC5/Irisin were studied using real-time PCR allelic discrimination. Differences between the means of BMD according to genotype were analyzed with covariance. Allele frequency differences were assessed by χ2 and logistic regression was used to test for associations. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium between polymorphisms was calculated by direct correlation r2, and haplotype analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Under a recessive model, we observed a significant association of rs3480 with the presence of osteopenia at the total hip and femoral neck (p = 0.008 and p = 0.003, respectively). For rs16835198, we found an association with osteopenia at the total hip and femoral neck in a dominant model (p = 0.043 and p = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We found an association of rs3480 with risk to present osteopenia at the total hip and femoral neck, while rs16835198 was associated as a protector for presence of osteopenia only at the femoral neck.

Seropositivity for Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Enzootic Bovine Leukemia viruses in Blanco Orejinegro cattle in Colombia and infection associated-factors / Soropositividade para o vírus da diarréia viral bovina e leucemia bovina enzoótica em bovinos Blanco Orejinegro na Colômbia e fatores associados à infecção

ABSTRACT Serological controls for diseases of viral origin in animal production systems and the identification of factors associated with infections are decisive elements to establish prevention and control measures. The aim of this study was to establish the serological status for Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) and Enzootic Bovine Leukemia (EBL) viruses in Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle from Colombia, and to identify the factors associated with seropositivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 498 animals of all age groups and physiological states of the BON breed were selected, belonging to 14 herds located in 6 states of Colombia, in which a survey with 27 questions was conducted. By means of the chi-square test, possible factors associated with seropositivity against the 2 viruses were identified. A sample of 4 ml of blood was taken from each animal to extract plasma and make indirect Elisa tests to detect antibodies against both pathogens. General seropositivity of 27,1% was obtained for EBL, finding as factors associated with seropositivity the inadequate disposition of placental tissues after delivery of the cows and the non-performance of serological tests on new animals entering the herd. For BVD, seropositivity obtained was 50,6%, and the factors associated with seropositivity identified were having had a history of the disease in the herd, and using semen from bulls that are not known to be free for the infection. We suggest establishing control measures considering the factors associated with each viral infection to limit their expansion in the BON cattle production systems of Colombia.

RESUMO Os controles sorológicos para doenças de origem viral nos sistemas de produção animal e a identificação de fatores associados à infecção são elementos decisivos para estabelecer medidas de prevenção e controle. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer o status sorológico dos vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVD) e da Leucemia Bovina Enzoótica (EBL) em bovinos Blanco Orejinegro (BON) da Colômbia e identificar os fatores associados à soropositividade. Foram selecionados 498 animais de todas as faixas etárias e estados fisiológicos da raça BON, de 14 rebanhos localizados em seis regiões da Colômbia, nos quais foi realizada uma pesquisa para identificar possíveis fatores associados à soropositividade contra os dois vírus. Foi retirada uma amostra de 4 ml de sangue de cada animal para extrair plasma e fazer testes ELISA indiretos para detectar anticorpos contra os dois patógenos. Obteve-se soropositividade geral de 27,1% para EBL, encontrando como fatores associados à soropositividade a disposição inadequada dos tecidos placentários após o parto das vacas e a não realização de testes sorológicos em novos animais que entraram no rebanho. Para a BVD, a soropositividade obtida foi de 50,6%, e os fatores associados à soropositividade identificados foram: histórico de doença no rebanho e uso de sêmen de touros que não são reconhecidos como livres da infecção. Sugerimos o estabelecimento de medidas de controle considerando os fatores associados a cada infecção viral para limitar sua expansão nos sistemas de produção de gado BON da Colômbia.

Enfermedad podal en bovinos: prevalencia y asociación con algunas variables / Podal disease in cows: prevalence and association with some variables

RESUMEN La enfermedad podal constituye uno de los síndromes más difíciles de controlar en la industria lechera. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la prevalencia de enfermedad podal, evaluando su asociación con factores como raza, orden de parto y peso. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo que utiliza los registros sanitarios y productivos de un hato lechero ubicado en el trópico alto de Colombia. Los componentes raciales presentes fueron Fl Holstein x Blanco Orejinegro, 3/4 Holstein 1/4 Blanco Orejinegro, 5/8 Holstein 3/8 Blanco Orejinegro y Holstein 100%. Se consideraron 6 órdenes de parto. La variable enfermedad podal presenta una distribución binomial. El efecto de los factores se verificó utilizando un modelo lineal generalizado, por medio de una regresión logística (PROC GENMOD SAS versión 9.4). En caso de existir diferencias significativas, se aplicó el procedimiento LSMEANS del SAS (versión 9.4) y un Odds Rattio entre los niveles que presentaron significancia. La prevalencia de enfermedad podal en el hato fue de 10,55%. Los factores de riesgo considerados fueron estadísticamente significativos: componente racial (p < 0,0009), orden parto (p < 0,0001) y peso medio de las vacas (p < 0,0001). Se observó un incremento en la prevalencia de la enfermedad asociado a la raza Holstein, orden de parto alto y bajo peso corporal. La prevalencia de enfermedad podal fue mayor en vacas Holstein puras y menor en vacas Holstein cruzadas con Blanco Orejinegro, debido a la resistencia por heterosis que la raza criolla aporta. El incremento del orden de parto al igual que el bajo peso se relacionan con una mayor prevalencia de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Foot disease is one of the most difficult syndromes to control in the dairy industry. The goal of this study was to quantify the prevalence of foot disease, evaluating its association with factors such as race, calving order and weight. This is a retrospective study using the health and production records of a dairy herd located in the high tropics of Colombia. The racial components present were F1 Holstein x Blanco Orejinegro, 3/4 Holstein 1/4 Blanco Orejinegro, 5/8 Holstein 3/8 Blanco Orejinegro, Holstein 100%. 6 delivery orders were considered. The variable foot disease presents a binomial distribution. The effect of the factors was verified using a generalized linear model, by means of a logistic regression (PROC GENMOD SAS version 9.4). In the event of significant differences, the SAS LSMEANS procedure (version 9.4) and an Odds Ratio were applied between the levels that presented significance. The prevalence of foot disease in the herd was 10,55%. The risk factors considered were statistically significant: racial component (p < 0,0009), calving order (p < 0,0001) and average weight of the cows (p < 0,0001). An increase in the prevalence of the disease was observed associated with the Holstein breed, high calving order and low body weight. The prevalence of foot disease was higher in pure Holstein cows and lower in Holstein cows crossed with Blanco Orejinegro due to the resistance due to heterosis that the creole breed contributes. The increase in the delivery order as well as the low weight are related to a higher prevalence of this disease.

IFN-γ mRNA expression is lower in Holstein cows infected with bovine leukemia virus with high proviral load and persistent lymphocytosis.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects primarily milky cows. Animals serologically positive to BLV show a Th1 cytokine profile with a predominance of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). IFN-γ has antiviral activity through mechanisms such as resistance to infection, inhibition of viral replication and apoptosis. The objective of this work was to determine the transcription levels of IFN-γ and its relationship with proviral load and persistent lymphocytosis in a population of Holstein cows of the province of Antioquia, Colombia. IFN-γ transcription levels were evaluated by qPCR in 140 Holstein cows. A one-way analysis of variance and a Student's t test were used to evaluate the differences between the means. The amount of IFN-γ mRNA found in BLV-positive cows was lower than in BLV-negative cows. Moreover, in the group of infected cows a lower level of IFN-γ mRNA expression was found in BLV and persistent lymphocytosis cows (BLV+PL) compared with BLV and aleukemia cows (BLV+AL). The level of IFN-γ mRNA expression was lower in cows with high proviral load (HPL) compared to cows with low proviral load (LPL). BLV infection is related to abnormal expression of IFN-γ mRNA, although IFN-γ has antiviral activity, its expression is affected by high proviral load. Keywords: cytokine; immune system; leukemia; bovine leukemia virus.

First molecular evidence of Toxoplasma gondii in opossums (Didelphis virginiana) from Yucatan, Mexico.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite recognized as a causal agent of toxoplasmosis; zoonotic disease endemic in many countries worldwide, including Mexico. Different species of animals participate in the wild cycle infection, including opossums of the species Didelphis virginiana. Thirteen D. virginiana were captured in Yucatan, Mexico. Detection of T. gondii was achieved by Polymerase Chain Reaction, which determined an infection of 76.9% (10/13) in brains. Positive amplicons were sequenced for analysis, this produced results similar to T. gondii with identity and coverage values of 98% and 96-100%, respectively. This study presents the first molecular evidence of the circulation of T. gondii in D. virginiana from Mexico.

Distribution of genetic variants of oxidative stress metabolism genes: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and Glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1/GSTT1) in a population from Southeastern Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Variation in the enzyme concentration and activity suggests individual differences for the degree of protection against oxidative stress. AIM: This study analysed the distribution of SNPs Q192R, L55M (PON1) and variants in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes in a population from Southeastern Mexico. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-one Mexican Mestizo healthy volunteers were included. PON1 polymorphisms were determined by Taqman allele discrimination real time-PCR, whereas GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes were determined with a multiplex PCR-based method. RESULTS: All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except for GSTM1. The genotypic distributions of Q192R and L55M were 22% QQ, 48% QR, 30% RR, 62% LL, 34% LM and 4% MM, respectively, whereas the allele frequencies were 0.46 (Q), 0.54 (R), 0.79 (L) and 0.21 (M). The most frequent haplotype was R/L (46.7%). It was found that 31% and 9% of the individuals had the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype, respectively. The frequency of the combined null genotype GSTM1*0/GSTT1*0 was 4.64%. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the frequencies of polymorphisms of PON1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 in the Yucatán population differ to those observed in other ethnic groups and provide useful data for epidemiological studies.

Random regression analysis of test-day milk yields in the first and second lactations of Brazilian Gyr cows.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the genetic parameters for test-day milk yields (TDMY) in the first and second lactations using random regression models (RRM) in order to contribute to the application of these models in genetic evaluation of milk yield in Gyr cattle. A total of 53,328 TDMY records from 7118 lactations of 5853 Gyr cows were analyzed. The model included the direct additive, permanent environmental, and residual random effects. In addition, contemporary group and linear and quadratic effects of the age of cows at calving were included as fixed effects. A random regression model fitting fourth-order Legendre polynomials for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, with five classes of residual variance, was applied. In the first lactation, the heritabilities increased from early lactation (0.26) until TDMY3 (0.38), followed by a decrease until the end of lactation. In the second lactation, the estimates increased from the first (0.29) to the fifth test day (0.36), with a slight decrease thereafter, and again increased on the last two test days (0.34 and 0.41). There were positive and high genetic correlations estimated between first-lactation TDMY and the remaining TDMY of the two lactations. The moderate heritability estimates, as well as the high genetic correlations between half the first-lactation TDMY and all TDMY of the two lactations, suggest that the selection based only on first lactation TDMY is the best selection strategy to increase milk production across first and second lactations of Gyr cows.

Estimación del intervalo post-emersión de un cadáver hallado en un embalse en Granada (España) / Estimation of post-emersion interval of a corpse found in a reservoir in Granada (Spain)

El período de actividad de los insectos es un parámetro que ha demostrado ser de gran utilidad a la hora de realizar aproximaciones a distintos fenómenos cronológicos relacionados con la descomposición cadavérica. Exponemos el caso de un cadáver hallado a finales de enero de 2011 en la orilla de un embalse en la provincia de Granada. Por la zona en la que se recuperaron los restos, la presencia de saponificación en la parte dorsal del tórax y la maceración de manos y pies, se sospechó inmediatamente de una sumersión de los restos y posterior emersión de los mismos. Tras recoger las evidencias entomológicas, se pudo determinar que consistían en larvas en diferentes fases de desarrollo de Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758), siendo las más antiguas recogidas en el cadáver las larvas en fase de desarrollo III migratoria. A partir del tratamiento estadístico de la información meteorológica recogida en dos estaciones agroclimáticas cercanas y del conocimiento del desarrollo y de la distribución de esta especie necrófaga, se pudo estimar que el tiempo mínimo que transcurrió desde que el cuerpo emergió del agua hasta que se encontró fue de 22 días. El díptero de la especie antes mencionada es compatible con la zona biogeográfica donde fue hallado el cadáver (AU)

Period of insect activity is a parameter that has been shown to be of great usefulness at the moment of making approximations to different chronological phenomena related to cadaveric decomposition. We expose the case of human remains found at the ending of January 2011 in the shore of a reservoir in the province of Granada. Because of the zone in which the remains were recovered, saponification in the dorsal area of the thorax, feet and hands maceration, submersion and a later emersion of the remains were immediately suspected. After collecting the entomological evidences, it was possible to determine that they were consisting of different developmental stages larvae of Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus, 1758), being the most aged ones recovered from the corpse corresponding to the larva III postfeeding developmental stage. From the statistical treatment of the meteorological data registered in two nearby agroclimatic stations and the knowledge of development and distribution of this necrophagous specie, it was possible to estimate that the minimum time elapsed from the moment when body emerged from the water until it was recovered was of 22 days. Diptera of the species previously mentioned is compatible with the biogeographic zone where the corpse was found (AU)

[Identifying deletions in the dystrophin gene and detecting carriers in families with Duchenne's/Becker's muscular dystrophy]. / Identificación de deleciones en el gen de la distrofina y detección de portadoras en familias con distrofia muscular de Duchenne/Becker.

INTRODUCTION: Between 60 and 65% of the mutations that cause Duchenne's/Becker's muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) are deletions in the dystrophin gene. Identifying deletions confirms the diagnosis and allows carriers to be detected with precision, which is the main preventive resource. The frequency and distribution of deletions in the DMD gene is unknown in south-east Mexico. AIMS: To identify deletions in the DMD gene and to detect carriers in families with DMD/BMD in south-east Mexico. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study involved 26 families that showed clinical signs of DMD/BMD: Deletions were determined in the DNA of 40 males by means of the multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 22 segments of the gene. Detection of carriers was applied to 33 female relatives using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the polymorphic markers Pert 87.8/Taq 1, pERT 87.15/Bam H1, and single PCR for VNTR MP1P by linkage analysis. RESULTS: Deletions were identified in 67.5% of patients with DMD and they were located in the 5' end and in the central region, exons 44 to 52, of the gene. In the detection of carriers, 73.33% of the families were informative. The markers 87.8/Taq 1 and MPIP yielded the greatest information power, with 26.67 and 33.33%, respectively. Of a total of 33 females, 21 (63.64%) were carriers, one (3.03%) was a non-carrier and 11 (33.33%) were not informative. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of deletions was 67.5%. Carrier status was determined in 66.67% of the females who were analysed. The markers pERT 87.8/Taq 1 and MP1P yielded the greatest information power.

Identificación de deleciones en el gen de la distrofina y detección de portadoras en familias con distrofia muscular de Duchenne/Becker / Identifying deletions in the dystrophin gene and detecting carriers in families with duchenne's/becker's muscular dystrophy

Introducción. Del 60 al 65% de las mutaciones que causan distrofia muscular de Duchenne/Becker (DMD/DMB)corresponden a deleciones en el gen de la distrofina. La identificación de deleciones confirma el diagnóstico y permite la detección precisa de portadoras, que es el recurso principal de prevención. En el sudeste de México se desconoce la frecuencia y distribución de las deleciones del gen DMD. Objetivos. Identificar deleciones del gen DMD y detectar portadoras en familiascon DMD/DMB del sudeste de México. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyeron 26 familias cuyo propósito mostró signos clínicos de DMD/DMB. Las deleciones se determinaron en el ADN de 40 varones mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) múltiple de 22 segmentos del gen. La detección de portadoras se aplicó a 33 familiares femeninos con PCR mediante polimorfismo de longitud de fragmentos de restricción de los marcadores Pert 87.8/Taq 1, pERT 87.15/Bam H1, y PCR simplepara el VNTR MPIP mediante análisis de ligamiento. Resultados. Las deleciones se identificaron en el 67,5% de pacientes con DMD y se localizaron en el extremo 5’ y en la región central, exones 44 al 52, del gen. En la detección de portadoras, el 73,33% de las familias resultó informativo. Los marcadores 87.8/Taq I y MPIP arrojaron el mayor poder de información, con el 26,67 y el 33,33%, respectivamente. De 33 mujeres, 21 (63,64%) resultaron portadoras, una (3,03%) no portadora y 11 (33.33%) no fueron informativas. Conclusión. La frecuencia de deleciones fue del 67,5%. Se determinó el estado de portador en el 66,67% de las mujeres analizadas. Los marcadores pERT 87.8/Taq 1 y MPIP arrojaron el mayor poder de información

Introduction. Between 60 and 65% of the mutations that cause Duchenne’s/Becker’s muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD)are deletions in the dystrophin gene. Identifying deletions confirms the diagnosis and allows carriers to be detected with precision, which is the main preventive resource. The frequency and distribution of deletions in the DMD gene is unknown in south-east Mexico. Aims. To identify deletions in the DMD gene and to detect carriers in families with DMD/BMD in south-eastMexico. Patients and methods. The study involved 26 families that showed clinical signs of DMD/BMD. Deletions were determined in the DNA of 40 males by means of the multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 22 segments of the gene. Detection of carriers was applied to 33 female relatives using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the polymorphicmarkers Pert 87.8/Taq 1, pERT 87.15/Bam H1, and single PCR for VNTR MP1P by linkage analysis. Results. Deletionswere identified in 67.5% of patients with DMD and they were located in the 5’ end and in the central region, exons 44 to 52, of the gene. In the detection of carriers, 73.33% of the families were informative. The markers 87.8/Taq 1 and MPIP yielded thegreatest information power, with 26.67 and 33.33%, respectively. Of a total of 33 females, 21 (63.64%) were carriers, one (3.03%) was a non-carrier and 11 (33.33%) were not informative. Conclusions. The frequency of deletions was 67.5%. Carrier status was determined in 66.67% of the females who were analysed. The markers pERT 87.8/Taq 1 and MP1P yielded the greatest information power

Frequency of the thermolabile variant C677T in the MTHFR gene and lack of association with neural tube defects in the State of Yucatan, Mexico.

The C677T variant in the MTHFR gene is considered to be an associated risk factor for neural tube defects. However, the association has not been found in some ethnic groups. In order to assess the association between neural tube defects and the C677T variant, we determined the frequency of this variant in the MTHFR gene in the State of Yucatan, Mexico, where neural tube defects are highly prevalent. The study was performed on 65 subjects with spine bifida, 60 of their mothers and 110 control subjects. The presence of the C677T variant was determined by amplification and digestion with HinF1 of each subject's DNA. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were calculated for all groups. We did not observe any statistically significant difference in the genotypic or allelic frequencies between cases and controls for any of the groups studied (p > 0.05), suggesting that the thermolabile variant C677T is not an associated risk factor neither for the development of neural tube defects nor for mothers to have affected offspring in the population from Yucatan. Interestingly, the frequency of the C677T variant (54%) obtained in the Yucatan population is one of the highest reported (p < 0.01) and confirmed the high frequency of this allele throughout Mexico.